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Cybersecurity Knowledge Library

Explore essential terms, concepts, and best practices shaping today’s digital security landscape.

Malware is the most common type of cyberattack, mainly because this term includes many subtypes such as ransomware, trojans, spyware, viruses, worms, keyloggers, bots, crypto-jacking, and any other type of malware attack that maliciously exploits software.

Ransomware is a type of malware that aims to deny a user or organization access to files on their computer and server infrastructure by encrypting these files and demanding a ransom payment. However, even after payment, there is no guarantee that access will be permanently restored.
Spyware is a type of malicious software (malware) that collects information from a computer system without your consent. Spyware can capture keystrokes, screenshots, authentication data, personal email addresses, web form data, internet usage habits, and other personal information. The data is often delivered to online attackers who sell it to others or use it themselves to commit financial crimes or identity theft.
Keyloggers are tools that can record every keystroke a user enters on a computer or mobile keyboard. Since users primarily interact with a device through the keyboard, keyloggers can record a lot of information about user activity. For example, keyloggers can track entered credit card information, visited websites, and used login credentials.
Phishing is an attack in which an attacker tries to trick someone into disclosing sensitive account or other login information online. All different types of phishing aim to exploit the fact that so many people conduct business over the internet, making phishing one of the most common cybersecurity threats. Experts recognize about 20 different phishing methods, such as spear-phishing, email phishing, pharming, etc.
Smishing is a form of phishing that uses social engineering to trick someone into disclosing private information, but the attack is carried out via a text message. In many cases, the smisher poses as someone you know or who is authorized to request sensitive information from you, such as a technical support employee, government official, a bank, or another financial institution. Another common definition of smishing is an attack that exploits trust to get people to disclose sensitive data. Some people are more likely to share personal information via text message than by email or another form of communication. Smishers exploit this trust and often get away with stealing extremely valuable data.
A brute-force attack is a hacking method in which passwords, login credentials, and encryption codes are cracked by trial and error. It is a simple but reliable tactic to gain unauthorized access to individual accounts, systems, and networks of organizations. The hacker tries multiple usernames and passwords, often using a computer to test a wide range of combinations until the correct credentials are found. The name “Brute Force” comes from attackers using excessively forceful attempts to gain access to user accounts. Although it is an old method of cyberattacks, brute-force attacks are tried and true and remain a popular tactic among hackers.
Password spraying is a cyberattack tactic in which a hacker attempts to break into multiple target accounts using a single password. It is a type of brute-force attack. Password spraying is an effective tactic because it is relatively easy to carry out, and users often use passwords that are easy to guess.
Credential stuffing: Attackers can use bots to quickly input a large number of stolen username and password combinations into the login portal of a web application. If the attacker gains access to a real user’s account through credential stuffing, they can steal the user’s data or carry out further fraudulent attacks in the user’s name.
A dictionary attack is a type of cyberattack where a predefined list of words, known as a wordlist, is used to hash each word. If the output of the dictionary attack matches the password hash, the attacker can identify the original password. Attackers often tailor their wordlist to their target, and this type of attack can be carried out quickly. These wordlists are not as extensive as a character-based brute-force attack but can become very large. It is not practical to manually or individually process and test all these passwords, so additional technology is usually required to speed up the process. Attackers use supporting programs such as password dictionaries or other brute-force attack tools. Modern programs based on graphics processors can try millions of passwords per second.
A pass-the-hash (PtH) attack is a type of cybersecurity attack where an attacker steals a ‘hashed’ credential and uses it to create a new user session within the same network. Unlike other attacks where credentials are stolen, in a pass-the-hash attack, the attacker does not need to know or crack the password to gain access to the system. Instead, a stored version of the password is used to initiate a new session.
Spoofing is a technique in which a cybercriminal impersonates a known or trusted source. Spoofing can take many forms, such as fake emails, IP spoofing, DNS spoofing, GPS spoofing, website spoofing, and fake calls. This allows the attacker to interact with the target and gain access to its systems or devices, ultimately aiming to steal information, extort money, or install malware or other harmful software on the device.
Man-in-the-middle (MITM) is a type of cyberattack where an attacker eavesdrops on a conversation between two targets. The attacker may attempt to ‘eavesdrop’ on a conversation between two people, two systems, or a person and a system. The goal of a MITM attack is to collect personal data, passwords, or banking information and/or persuade the victim to take an action, such as changing login credentials, completing a transaction, or initiating a money transfer.
Supply chain attacks are a type of cyberattack that targets an organization’s suppliers to gain unauthorized access to the organization’s systems or data. These attacks, sometimes referred to as value chain or third-party software attacks, require extensive planning by threat actors who use malicious code to infiltrate an organization’s systems, and they can have a devastating blast radius after the initial compromise, as in the case of the SolarWinds attacks in 2020.